Other Viral Vectors

Measles Virus

The measles virus (MV) is a negative-sense RNA virus with a nonsegmented genome and a lipid envelope that belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family.

Because of its high safety, efficacy, and long-lasting immunity, it is considered as an excellent vector for delivering vaccines for human pathogens. It has previously been shown to be a highly efficacious vaccine vector for many viral diseases such as HIV (24, 25), SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, influenza virus, and many more.

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that is related to rabies viruses and belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family.

It was designed as a live viral vaccine vector for Ebola virus infections and is currently being tested in pre-clinical studies for other viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, hantaviruses, arenaviruses, and influenza viruses.

Vaccinia Virus

Vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family.

Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara

Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara. As a result of being modified to thrive in avian cells, MVA lost its capacity to reproduce in mammals and is deficient in many of the genes that orthopoxviruses utilize to conquer their host (cell) environment.

In numerous preclinical infection models, MVA vaccines have been discovered to be immunogenic and protective as extremely safe viral vectors. Clinical trials for the immunization against human immunodeficiency viruses, Mycobacterium TB, or Plasmodium falciparum are now being conducted on a number of recombinant MVA. The quick generation of experimental vaccines for vaccination against emergent illnesses like the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome clearly demonstrates the MVA vector vaccine platform's adaptability.

Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belongs to the family, Paramyxoviridae, and is a zoonotic virus that naturally infects all species of birds.

It is a promising vaccine vector against human and veterinary pathogens. Being an RNA virus, there is little chance of it recombining with the DNA of the host cell. This makes it an excellent vaccination vector for foreign sequences. When used as a vaccination vector in humans, NDV has a number of benefits over other viral vaccine vectors. Due to host range restriction and the lack of pre-existing NDV antibodies in the human population, NDV is safe for use in humans.

Reovirus

Reovirus, also called orthoreovirus, is a nonenveloped, ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus and a member Reoviridae family.

This wild-type "prototype" oncolytic virus is currently being studied as a potential cancer virotherapy. Clinical trials show that reovirus-based therapies are safe and well-tolerated in a wide range of cancer patients. These trials are being conducted to assess the efficacy of reovirus in conjunction with chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens, as well as the efficacy of reovirus in conjunction with immunotherapies.

Orthomyxovirus

Orthomyxovirus belongs to the family of negative-sense RNA viruses. This family comprises the genus Influenza virus, which contains two species A and B and an unnamed genus that contains influenza C virus

Since the development of reverse genetic techniques, influenza viruses have also been thought of as potential vaccine vectors. Intranasal influenza vaccinations that have been cold-adapted have recently received approval for both children and adults.

Picornavirus

Picornaviruses are tiny, single-stranded, naked RNA-positive viruses that represent some of the most significant milestones in the history of virology.

Picornaviruses are known with their proposed use as immunization vectors. Currently, various strategies are being employed to engineer picornavirus-based expression vectors. These methods were created to follow the established rules guiding the expression of picornavirus genes.

Rhabdovirus

Rhabdovirus, any of a group of viruses constituting the family Rhabdoviridae, responsible for rabies and vesicular stomatitis of cattle and horses.

There are numerous vaccine approaches that have made use of rhabdoviral vectors, including the rabies virus and the vesicular stomatitis virus. These viruses have well-established reverse genetics systems for virus recovery, resulting in tiny, readily manipulable genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins. Both viruses have been shown to be efficient vaccination vectors with well-described safety profiles.

Birnavirus

Birnaviruses comprise a unique family of double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses that infect vertebrate animals and other animals.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) under the family Birnaviridae has been established as a replication-competent viral vector capable of carrying an epitope at multiple loci in the genome.

Flavivirus

Flavivirius belongs to a family of positive, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses.

Because it is glycosylated, the flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it forms different structures to facilitate different intracellular and extracellular roles, such as roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also contributes to protective immunity via antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies provide passive protection against virus challenge in animal models.

Circovirus

A circovirus was isolated from porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) as an adventitious virus. Circoviruses are small, nonenveloped animal viruses with single-stranded circular DNA. In the late 1990s, a novel circovirus emerged in North American swine that appeared to be genetically distinct from the prototype PCV (now referred to as PCV Type 1) and was termed PCV Type 2 (PCV2).

Currently, more researches are being conducted and evaluated whether porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) can serve as a vaccine delivery virus vector since the non-pathogenic PCV1 shares similar genomic organization and significant sequence identity with pathogenic PCV2, in this study we evaluated whether PCV1 can serve as a vaccine delivery virus vector.

Coronavirus

Coronavirus is a single strand of positive-sense RNA belonging to the family Coronaviridae.

Coronaviruses, being positive-stranded RNA viruses, show promise due to their ability to delete genes and carry foreign genetic material, making them potential vaccine vectors.

Paramyxovirus

Paramyxovirus is an enveloped virus with negative sense single-stranded RNA genome. It includes the parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus; Pneumovirus, which includes respiratory syncytial virus; and Morbillivirus, which includes the measles virus.

Due to the lack of a DNA phase in their life cycle and consequent lack of integration into host cell DNA, paramyxoviruses make excellent vaccination vectors. In general, paramyxoviruses naturally prefer the respiratory tract, which results in strong local and systemic protection.

Parvovirus

Parvovirus is a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Parvoviridae family.

Viruses of the Parvoviridae family, which are distinguished by their oncotropism, oncosuppression, long-term gene expression, human apathogenicity, as well as methods of efficient recombinant vector production, have increased interest in using parvovirus-based vectors in cancer gene therapy.

Customer-specific Viral Vectors

Esco Aster partners with you every pace of the process, from designing and creating your unique viral vector to packaging and purifying viral particles.

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